The sustainable bond market in Spain and Portugal has continued to develop in recent years. A numbe of issuers have returned to the market through repeat programmes, while seeking to align their financing approaches with broader economic, climate and energy-transition objectives. At the same time, market standards and disclosure expectations continue to evolve, including around framework design, management of proceeds, reporting and, where relevant, transition-related disclosures. For the purposes of this conference, three themes are particularly relevant: the continued activity of Spanish regional public issuers, financing needs associated with the energy transition, and investor perspectives on issuance planning and transaction execution.