Romania’s total external debt increased by EUR 23.84 billion in 2025 (+11.7% y/y), reaching EUR 227.35 billion (61% of GDP) at year-end, according to data published by the National Bank of Romania (BNR). The public external debt was mainly behind this rise, contributing EUR 18. 6 billion to the gross external debt’s advance up to EUR 125.5 billion (roughly one-third of GDP).[...]