Four years after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the World Bank has put the cost of the country’s reconstruction at $588 billion. An updated joint Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA5) released by the Government of Ukraine, the World Bank Group, the European Commission, and the United Nations currently estimates that as of 31 December 2025, the total cost of reconstruction and recovery in Ukraine is almost $588 billion (over €500 billion) over the next decade, which is nearly 3 times the estimated nominal GDP of Ukraine for 2025. [....]